(note: Help in pronunciation may combine symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), pronunciation respellings, and example words from various languages.)
Greek (ancient, koine) and ancient world terms (skip to Lakota section)
agapé, ἀγάπη, (ah-gah’-peh) Although rarely found in polytheistic ancient Greek literature this term, used in the Christian New Testament, refers to the love of God or Jesus for humans and the creation and is the the most lofty form of love humans may be capable of, when they respond to God with that love.
Alexander the Great, Αλέξανδρος, (ah-leks’-ahn-dross) Greek conquerer of the fourth century BCE.
allelouia, αλληλούϊα, (ah-lay’-loo-yah) Greek form of a two word Hebrew expression hallélujah, an exclamation of praise to God.
amain, αμήν, (ah-main’) Greek word, amen, in English, the Greek term is borrowed from Hebrew in the early days of Christianity, meaning “so be it.”
Anatolia, Ἀνατολή, (ah-nah-toe-lay’) The ancient Greek term generally means eastward or towand sunrise. This region is known today as Turkey, which has also been called Asia Minor.
anxiety, derived from ἄγχω, (ang’-xho) Ancient Greek, meaning to choke, or experience tightening of the throat.
Antiochia, Αντιόχεια, (ahn-tee-oh’-kay-ah) Known in the Bible as Antioch, this major Mediterranean seaport was founded by the Greeks in Anatolia, and served as one of the routes to the east. Now known as Antakya in Turkey, it the most southern city along the coast of Turkey near Syria.
Arktos, Μεγάλη Αρκτος, (meg-ah’-lay ark-tass) See stars and constellations.
Arkturus, Αρκτοῦρος, (ark-too-rass) See stars and constellations.
Aristarchus, Ἀρίσταρχος, (ah-ree’-star kaus) From Samos, this astronomer and mathematician lived between 310 and 230 BCE and posited a heliocentric model of the solar system, which he also considered the entire universe.
Athéneh, γλαυκῶπις Ἀθηνή, (glau-koe’-pees ah-theh’- neh) The Greek goddess Athena, With her frequent epithet glaukopis, meaning owl-eyed, bright-eyed, or grey-eyed. Athena was associated with wisdom, tactical strategizing, and craftsmanship.
Barnabas, Βαρναβᾶς, (bar-nah-bass’) Mentioned in the New Testament as an early follower of Jesus and friend of Paul, Barnabas is said to have been a Jew from Cyprus. The early Christian writer Tertullian thought he was the author of the book of Hebrews. Luke may have translated the writing of Barnabas into the Greek version of Hebrews in the New Testament.
bublion, βυβλίον, (boo-blee’-on) Literally, “strip of” in ancient Greek, the word can refer to paper or a document. In the Roman empire and in Judea, documents would have generally been written on scrolls of papyrus, paper made from wetland reeds. The ancient Greek word is related to the Phoenician port city of Gebal (which the Greeks called Byblos), from which much papyrus was exported.
Boötês, Βοώτης, (bō-oh’-teez) See stars and constellations.
Chalkis, Χαλκίς, (kall-kees’) A town in eastern Greece on the Euripus Strait of the Island of Euboea. A trading port, the town was also said to be a major location for ships setting sail for Troy. A Jewish community has been in Chalkis since well before Christ.
Darius, Δαρεῖος, (dah-ray-ahs) A fourth century BCE king of Persia, defeated by Alexander the Great in the Battle of Gaugamela, located in today’s Northern Iraq.
dialektos, διάλεκτος, (dee-ah’-lek-toss) A dialect, or localized version of a language.
dryads, Δρυάδες, (doo-rah’-dais) See minor deities.
elephantos, ἐλέφαντος, (eh-lay’-fän-toss) The large mammal of India and Africa, which was known to the Greeks, with Alexander the Great having faced them in battle in India, and the Romans having faced them against Hannibal in Carthage. The Romans did not primarily use them for battle, but rather to entertain audiences in spectacles.
eros, ἒρως, (hor’-rowss) A type of love, particularly the affection between a man and woman, which may include eroticism.
Ethiopian, Αἰθίοπα, (eye-thee’-oh-pah) Literally “burnt face,” this is the ancient Greek term for any sub-Saharan African person.
Euphrates, Ευφρατης, (you-fra-tais) A Greek god, considered by them to be god of the river that flowed from Anatolia southerly to today’s Persion Gulf. For almost its entire length the River Tigris flows roughly parallel and forms the fertile landscape of ancient Mesopotamia.
Gallia, Γαλλία, (gal-lee’-ah) Ancient Greek name for the region now known as France.
ginnaya (jinn-ay’-uh, plural: ginnaye) From the native language of Jesus, Aramaic, the term refers to tutelary deities, patron spirits, earth spirits, or minor-gods that may personify aspects of the human condition. When Hebrew writings were translated into Greek, the equivalent term daemon (δαίμων) was used. These are not considered purely evil spirits, but take on good or bad character in the same way humans do. Many centuries later, by the time of time of the Islamic Golden Age, folk tales from wide-ranging times and geographies included characters similar to ginnaye, namely jinns, djinns, and genies.
hekatomb, ἑκατόμβη, (hek-ah-tom’-beh) A sacrificial offering to the gods consisting of one hundred oxen.
Hellada, Ἐλλάδα, (ay-lah’-dah) The country Greece in ancient times.
heretikos, αὶρετικὸς, (hay-reh-tee-koss) Heretic. Ancient Greek would translate the term as a person able to make a choice.
Hippocrates, Ἱπποκράτης, (hee-poh-kra’-tees) Greek physician from the fifth century BCE, traditionally referred to as the “Father of Medicine.” Although little can be known about him with certainty, he is considered to have advocated careful observation of the patient with consideration of environmental factors and living habits.
hippotigris, ἵπποτίγρις, (heep’-oh-tee’-greece) Zebra. The ancient Greeks had encountered this animal in Africa and named it horse tiger, presumably because they saw it as a horse with the stripes of a tiger.
Hispania, Ἱσπανία, (hee-span-nee’-ah) The Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula, now known as the countries of Spain and Portugal. Until Roman times Greeks knew little of the region, but had also referred to it as Iberia (Ἱβηρία).
holokaustos, ὁλόκαυστος, (oh-loe’-kow-staus) Referring to an ancient Greek sacrificial ceremony in which the victim is entirely burned up, rather than partially offerred to a god and then consumed by humans.
Holy Spirit, See Peeyoomah.
Hómeros, Ὅμηρος, (oh’-meh-ross) Considered the author of the two great ancient Greek epic stories The Iliad and The Odyssey, and known in English as Homer, the name may or may not refer to a historic person. Some other ancient Greek texts indicate that such a person existed circa 750 BCE. Modern scholarly debate includes arguments that the name refers to a group of contributors to an oral tradition, rather than a single person. General consensus is that the two epic poems were originally composed of oral rhythmic pieces, accompanied by lyre or kithera, and stiched togather in various ways at performance time.
hubris, ὕβρις, (hew’-brees) A human trait which, in ancient Greece, referred to insufficient respect for the gods, wanton violence, offending the natural order, or a belief in own’s own godlikeness. The modern usage is over-confidence in oneself.
hypokritai, ὑποκριταί, (hoo-pah-kree-tie) In Luke’s time, the word meant an actor, one wearing a mask, as commonly used in Greek theater, but was also used to refer to a person who says one thing and does another.
kamel-leopard, καμηλοπάρδαλις, (käm-meh-low-par’-dah-lees) giraffe. The ancient Greeks had encountered this animal in Africa and named it camel-leopard, presumably because they saw it as a camel with the spots of a leopard. Today’s genetic taxonomy does group giraffe, camel, and llama as closely related.
kithara, κιθάρα, (kee-tha’-rah) Ancient Greek musical instrument, similar to a four-stringed lyre, but with seven strings. The modern word guitar is etymologically connected.
koinolectos, κοινόλεkτoς, (koy-noh-lek’-toss) The language of common life.
koinolexia, κοινολεξία, (koy-noh-lek-see-ah) Ordinary language.
koinos, κόινος, (koy’-noss) Common.
koinonia, κοινωνίᾳ, (koy’-noh-nee-ah) Common association between people, the term was used in the New Testament to refer particularly to fellowship of believers in Jesus.
kree, κρῖ, (kree) The grain, barley.
Lesbos, Λέσβος, (less’-bas) A large Greek island in the Aegean Sea, near the coast of Anatolia and home of the 7th century BCE Greek poet, Sappho.
Luke, Λουκᾶς, (loo-koss) The New Testament writer of the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles, as well as, possibly, translator into Greek of the book of Hebrews.
Melchizedek, Μελχισεδέκ, (mel-keez-eh-dek’) From a time two thousand years or so before Jesus, the Bible refers to him in Genesis 14, Psalm 110, and the New Testament book of Hebrews. He was a contemporary of Abraham and said to be a priest of God Most High, as well as the King of Salem.
Melite, Μελίτη, (meh-lee’-tay) The name, in Luke’s time, of the island south of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea, today known as Malta.
Mentor, Μέντωρ, (men’-torr) A character in Homer’s Odyssey, Mentor was an older colleague of Odysseus, who stayed in Ithaka when the Greeks sailed for Troy. Odysseus left Mentor somewhat in charge of his affairs while he was away at war. Since it took twenty years for him to return, Mentor ended up helping the grown son of Odysseus, Telémakhos, by advising him about how to handle the many suitors of his mother Penélopê, who was resisting re-marriage while waiting for Odysseus’ return. The word mentor in English has come to mean “an experienced and trusted advisor.”
metaphor, μετα & φαρω, (meh-tah far-oh) modern English combining two separate Greek words, meta, meaning “between” and phero, meaning “to carry” or “convey.”
minor deities
dryads, Δρυάδες, (doo-rah’-dais) In Greek mythology these are oak tree nymphs, or ones who dwell in trees in general.
naiads, Ναϊάδες, (nah-ee-ah’-dais) Fresh water nymphs who dwell in mountain springs, streams, or ponds.
nereids, Νηρηΐδες, (nay-ray-ee’-dais) Fifty sea nymphs, daughters of the “old man of the sea,” Nereus.
nymphs, Νύμφαι, (noom’-fye) A general term for the many female spirits of nature, which include naiads, dryads, and nereids.
Muses, Μοῦσα, (moo-sah) A term for each of nine Greek goddesses, daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, who would be called upon by Greek poets for inspiration, and who were thought to preside over the arts and technical studies.
museum, μουσεῖον, (moo-say’-on) A place of scholarly study.
Ocean, Ωκεανός, (oh-kay’-nahs) One of the Titans, which were pre-Olympian gods, overthrown by a son, Cronus, and then by Zeus. Homer’s use of the term refers to a great river, which the Greeks considered to encircle the earth. In later times Ocean remained the name of the great Outward Sea, as opposed to the Inward Sea or Mediterranean.
naiads, Ναϊάδες, (nah-ee-ah’-dais) See minor deities.
nereids, Νηρηΐδες, (nay-ray-ee’-dais) See minor deities.
nous, νόος, (noos) The mind or intellect of a person.
nymphs, Νύμφαι, (noom’-fye) See minor deities.
O moi ego, ὤ μοι ἐγώ, (oh’-moy-eegoe) Literally, “Oh me, myself,” this so called stock phrase in Homer, is a lament used several times in both the Odyssey and Iliad, which can be translated as a colorless “aye me!” or “oh my gosh!” or “alas!”
parakletos, παράκλητος, (pah-rah’-klay-tahs) A wise and respected intercessor or advocate.
Pentateuch, πεντάτευχος, (pen-tah’-too-kass) Five tools, or scrolls or books, usually used to refer to the first five books of the Bible.
Peeyoomah, Πνεῦμα, (pee-yoo-mah) The Greek term for the Holy Spirit, from which a current English fragment derives, namely pneuma, as in the words pneumatic or pneumonia. The literal ancient Greek translation is “breath.”
philia, φιλία, (fill-lee’-ah) A type of love described as brotherly, or love in friendship.
Phoenika, Φοίνικα, (foy’-nee-kah) See stars and constellations.
photograph, φωτός & γραφή, Meaning “light” and “line drawing,” consecutively.
psyche, Ψυχή, Greek goddess of the soul, also a term for the soul or spirit.
puros, πυρός, (poo-ross’) The grain, wheat.
Romaisti, ρωμαϊστί, (row-mah-ees-tee’) This is the language of the Roman empire as it was called in Luke’s time, now called Latin.
Sappho, Σαπφὼ, (sah-foe’) Along with Homer, Sappho is one of most famous and respected poets of ancient Greece, but female, whereas Homer was male. Secondly, the identity of Homer is a matter of scholarly debate, as described above, whereas Sappho is known to have lived on the island of Lesbos circa 600 BCE, some two centuries later than Homer. Composed for accompaniment by lyre or kithera, much of her lyric poetry concerns the subject of love between people, and the fact that she wrote on love between females has caused moderns to associate her with female homosexuality. The label, lesbian, refers to her island home, Lesbos.
Saul, Σαῦλος, also called Paul (Παῦλος) This apostle of Jesus is documented by Luke in his gospel and book of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament. He also composed a number of letters included in the New Testament.
Serica, Σηρική, (say-ree-kay’) Literally “silk,” the term refers to lands where silk comes from, far east of Greece. Today’s scholars consider it to refer to Northern China.
stars and constellations
Arcturus, Αρκτοῦρος, (ark-too-rass) Fourth brightest star in the sky, located in the constellation Boötês.
Arktos, Μεγάλη Αρκτος, (meg-ah’-lay ark-tass) Constellation known as the Great Bear or, in modern times, the Big Dipper.
Boötês Βοώτης, (bō-oh’-teez) Constellation known as the ploughman.
Phoenika. Φοίνικα, (foy’-nee-kah) The pole star, Polaris in English, which the ancient Greeks named it for the Phoenicians, whom they considered masters of sailing and navigation.
telephone, τηλέ & φωνή, (tay-lay’ foe-nay’) Two Greek words, meaning far or at a distance, and voice or sound, respectively.
Thebes, Θήβῃ, (thay’-bay) A city of Boeotia in central Greece, this was an important settlement since before the Bronze Age, and is featured in many myths. An important ancient city of the same name was along the upper Nile in Egypt.
Theóphileh, Θεόφιλε, (theh-oh’-fee-lay) Translated as Theophilus in today’s Bible, this is the person to whom Luke addresses both his gospel and the book of Acts. The name means “friend of God.”
Tigris, Τίγρις, (tee’-greece) The river flowing from ancient Anatolia to the Persion Gulf and, parallelling the Euphrates, forming fertile ancient Mesopotamia. Although the name means “tiger” it is probably an adaptation of the name used by ancient cultures such as the Sumerians.
xenos phobos, χένος & φόβος, (zee’-noss foh’-boss)) Meaning foreign or strange and fear, respectively. In English xenophobia is the fear of strangers, foreigners, or of people markedly different than oneself.
ziggiberis, ζιγγίβερις, (zeen-gee’-bair-ess) Ginger root. Having originated in Southeast Asia, the plant was brought to India around 3500 years before Christ. Traders then first brought ginger to the Mediterranean region around the time of Christ.
zoon, ζῷον, Living being or animal.
Lakȟóta
Anúŋg Ité (ah-noong’- eetay) A mythical character with traits considered antithetical to the Lakȟóta virtues, namely, being two-faced or hypocritical.
Čhaŋkú Lúta (chaung-koo’ loo-tah) The Red Road, symbol of the spiritual way of life.
čhaŋnúŋpa wakȟáŋ (chah-noo’-pah wauk-uh’) Sacred pipe.
Čhaŋté Waš’áka (chahn-teh’ wash-ah’-kah) Literally, “heart strong” this is the full name of the young Lakȟóta man met by Luke in the novel, Luke the Lakota.
čhokúŋ (choe-kooh) To intend evil against.
haŋbléčheyapi (haum-blay’-chee-ah-pee) A vision quest, normally undertaken by a young man grown past puberty to seek guidance from the Great Spirit. The quest requires the young man to go alone to a sacred place, such as a mountain peak or cave, humble himself, fast, and pray. Spriit beings may appear to him, sometimes in animal form, sometimes only via dream, to give him power or understanding. The quest is performed under the guidance of a medicine man, who helps interpret the spiritual visitations.
Heȟáka Sápa (hay-hah’-kah sah’-pah) Literally, “elk black,” or the Lakȟóta name the holy man, Nicholas Black Elk.
Húŋkpapȟa (hoonk’-pa-xa, with the final syllable guttural), See Lakȟóta bands.
ihó ečháš (ee-hoe’ eh-chash’) An interjection meaning “very well then,” in agreeing to continue an action, similar to “let’s do it!”
inípi (ee-nee’-pee) A purification ceremony undergone in a sweat lodge.
Iktó (eek-toe’) With variant, Iktóme, this is a trickster of Lakȟóta myth associated with the ways of a spider, yet can be embodied by a man or other animal. The stories warn humans to be wary of the trickster, but do not generally consider him the embodiment of evil.
Itázipčho (ee-tah’-zeep-chō), See Lakȟóta bands.
Iyóuŋkiphipi (ee-yoe’-kee-pee-pee) The sentence “we are happy.”
Lakȟóta (lah-koh’-tah, with the k of the 2nd syllable somewhat guttural), meaning “friend” or “ally.” A Native American tribe and one of three major sub-divisions of a people now known as The Great Sioux Nation, the other two being Dakota and Nakota. The Lakȟóta are sub-divided into seven bands, as listed below.
Lakȟóta bands
Sičháŋǧu (see-chan’-hoo), Meaning “Burnt Thighs,” also called Brulé by the early French trappers, their official reservation is the Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota. Famous members include Chief Spotted Tail.
Oglála (ōw-gla’-luh), Meaning “They Scatter Their Own,” their reservation is the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. Famous members include Crazy Horse and Chief Red Cloud, as well as the holy man, Black Elk.
Itázipčho (ee-tah’-zeep-chō), Meaning “Without Bows,” also called Sans Arc by the early French trappers, their official reservation is the Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota. Famous members include Chief Spotted Eagle.
Húŋkpapȟa (hoonk’-pa-xa, with the final syllable guttural), Meaning “Head of the Camp Circle,” this band would traditionally camp at the entrance to the Great Council Circle. Their reservation is the Standing Rock Reservation, which straddles the border between North and South Dakota. Famous members include Chief Sitting Bull.
Mnikówožu (minnee-ko’-wo-zhoo), Meaning “Plants near the Water,” their reservation is the Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota. Famous members include Chief Spotted Elk (also called Big Foot) and Chief Touch the Clouds.
Sihásapa (see-hah’-sa-pah), Meaning “Blackfoot,” their reservation is the Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota. Famous members include Chief Charging Bear (also called John Grass).
Oóhenuŋpa (oh-oh’-hey-noo-pah), Meaning “Two Kettles,” their reservation is the Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota. Famous members include Chief Eagle Woman.
Makȟóčhe Wašté (mah-kho’-cheh wash-tay’) Beautiful country, the northern plains area generally considered home to the Lakȟóta.
Mašté (mash-teh’) Sunshine.
Mika (mee’-kah), A Lakȟóta girl name, meaning “cleaver raccoon.”
mniáwičhakaštaŋpi (minnee-ah’-wee-chah-kash-tah’-pee) Baptism.
Mnikówožu (minnee-ko’-wo-zhoo), See Lakȟóta bands.
Mníšoše (mi-nee’-show-shay) See rivers and streams.
Miyé na Lakȟóta kȟoláwaye kiŋ lé waŋúŋyalakapi he? (mee-yuh’ nah Lakȟóta koe-lie’-why-yeh kee lay why-oo-yah-lah-kah-pee hey?) The sentence, “Can you see me and my Lakȟóta friend?”
Nağí (nah-ghee’) Shadow.
Nišnála waŋčhíyaŋke (neesh-nah’-lah why-ong’-kah) The fragment “only you.”
Nitȟákȟola kiŋčhaŋkú lúta ogná máni kéya okíyaka ye. (Nee-thah’-koh-lah khee chon-koo loo’-tah oh-geh-nah’ mah’-nee kay’-yah oh-kee’-ah-kah yeh.) The sentence, “Tell your friend that he is on the Red Road.”
Oglála (ōw-gla’-luh), See Lakȟóta bands.
Ogleze (oh-glay-zay) Streak.
Oóhenuŋpa (oh-oh’-hey-noo-pah), See Lakȟóta bands.
oyáte (oh-yah’-the) A tribe or people.
Pahá Sápa (pah-hah’ sah’-pah) Literally, “mountain black,” this is the Lakȟóta name for the Black Hills.
Pȟaŋkéska Wakpá (pwau-kess’-kah) See rivers and streams.
Pȟéta Yuhá (pə-hetta’ you-hah’) Firekeeper, leader of the purification ceremony inside a sweat lodge.
Pȟežísla Wakpá (pəhay-jhee’-slah) See rivers and streams.
Rivers and Streams as named by the Lakȟóta:
wakpá (wahk-pah’) General term “river.”
wakpála (wahk-pah’-lah) General term, “creek.”
Mníšoše (mi-nee’-show-shay) The Missouri River, with the English word derived from the language of an older tribe of native people related to the Lakȟóta.
Pȟaŋkéska Wakpá North Platte and Platte Rivers, pȟaŋkéska (pwau-kess’-kah) means a shell, especially abalone, a disk-shaped mussel shell that looks like porecelain.
Pȟežísla Wakpá (pəhay-jhee’-slah wahk-pah’) Greasy Grass River, Lakȟóta name for the Little Bighorn River, where the fight with General Custer occurred in 1876.
Wašíŋ Wakpá South Platte River, wašíŋ (wah-sheeh’) means animal fat, tallow, or bacon.
Šahíyela (shah-hee’-ə-lah) Cheyenne Tribe.
Sičháŋǧu (see-chan’-hoo), See Lakȟóta bands.
Sihásapa (see-hah’-sa-pah), See Lakȟóta bands.
šuŋk’ók’iŋ (shook-oak’-ee) A dog travois.
Šuŋgmánitu (shoo-gə-mahn’-neetoo) Literally, wilderness dog, this word describes a coyote, which, when capitalized can refer to a trickster character in stories.
Taŋyáŋ yahí (tye-yah’ yah-hee’) A phrase of welcome “it is good that you have come.”
Tȟakóža, namáyaȟ’uŋ he? (kha-koe’-zha, nah-mah’-yeh-uh hey?) The sentence, “Little one, can you hear me?”
thípi (tee’-pee) Archaic for bison hide tent, today used to describe a house or dwelling.
tȟókeča (ho’-ketta) To be different, strange, weird.
Tȟuŋkášila (too-kăh’-shee-la) Creator, God, a term of address used in prayers. May be used to refer, very formally, to one’s human grandfather, but then not normally as a form of address.
Tókša! (toke-shah!) A short informal farewell, such as “bye-bye!”
wačhíwí (wach-ee’-wee) Female dancer.
wahóšika (wah-hoe’-she-kah) Messenger.
wáȟwala (wah’-hwah-lah) To be of mild temperment, calm, humble.
Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka (wah-kahn’ tahn-kah) The word wakȟáŋ refers to anything holy or sacred, and the animating force or spirit behind all things. Tȟáŋka means great or large, thus together the words refer to the Great Spirit, God, a sacred mysterious presence that resides in all things.
wakpá (wahk-pah’) General term “river.” See rivers and streams.
wakpála (wahk-pah’-lah) General term, “creek.” See rivers and streams.
wašíču (wah-shee’-choo) Non-Lakȟóta humans.
Wašíŋ Wakpá (wah-sheeh’) See rivers and streams.
wasná (wah-snah’) Pemmican, a mixture of pounded dried meat, berries, and tallow, usually cut into bars. It has a very long shelf life.
wayásu (why-ah’-soo) To judge, condemn, or pronounce a sentence on another person.
wíŋkte (weenk’-teh) An effeminate man who adopts womanly behaviors or does not comform to a conventionally male gender role.
Wóniya Wakȟáŋ, The Holy Spirit, usually referring to Christian belief. The word, Wóniya, means “breath” or “spirit.”
wówačhiŋtȟaŋka (woe’-wachee-gtungka) Perseverance, patience, self-control, tenacity.
wówičakȟe (woe’-wee-chah-khay) Truth, reality, truthfulness being one of the Lakȟóta virtues.
wówičakȟe kiŋháŋ uŋkíyuatȟaŋiŋpi. Waná oyúškeya uŋk’úŋpi.(woe’-wee-chah-khay kee-hah’ ooh-kee-yoo’-ah-tah-ee-pee) The sentence, “The truth has been revealed to us. ”(wah-nah’ oy-yoosh’-kay-ah oonk-oom’-pee) The sentence, “We are free.”